The service gained 100 million users in two months, making it the fastest-growing consumer software application in history. It is credited with accelerating the AI boom, an ongoing period marked by rapid investment and public attention toward the field of artificial intelligence (AI). It uses generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs), such as GPT-5, to generate text, speech, and images in response to user prompts. ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI, and released in November 2022. More weather in USA More weather last week
These include, among many others, writing and debugging computer programs, composing music, scripts, fairy tales, and essays, answering questions (sometimes at a level exceeding that of an average human test-taker), and generating business concepts. It is designed to generate human-like text and can carry out a wide variety of tasks. The laborers were exposed to toxic and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". To build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers, earning around $1.32 to $2 per hour, to label such content. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers acted as both the user and the AI assistant.
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The Guardian questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation. Efforts to ban chatbots like ChatGPT in schools focus on preventing cheating, but enforcement faces challenges due to AI detection inaccuracies and widespread accessibility of chatbot technology. The potential benefits include enhancing personalized learning, improving student productivity, assisting with brainstorming, summarization, and supporting language literacy skills. The chatbot technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting. In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted programs.
The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as Goodhart's law. OpenAI has sometimes mitigated this effect by updating the training data. ChatGPT's training data only covers a period up to the cut-off date, so it lacks knowledge of recent events.
ChatGPT's Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than ideal" due to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Mandarin. However, no machine translation services match human expert performance. ChatGPT (based on GPT-4) was better able to translate Japanese to English when compared to Bing, Bard, and DeepL Translator in 2023. ChatGPT was initially free to the public and remains free in a limited capacity. In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT with a telephone for up to 15 minutes per month for free. An optional "Memory" feature allows users to tell ChatGPT to memorize specific information.
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Chris Granatino, a librarian at Seattle University, noted that while ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or largely incorrect. As of July 2025, Science expects authors to release in full how AI-generated content is used and made in their work. Some, including Nature and JAMA Network, "require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author". Additionally, using a model's outputs might violate copyright, and the model creator could be accused of vicarious liability and held responsible for that copyright infringement.
When assembling training data, the sourcing of copyrighted works may infringe on the copyright holder's exclusive right to control reproduction, unless covered by exceptions in relevant copyright laws. This includes text-to-image models such as Stable Diffusion and large language models such as ChatGPT. The FTC asked OpenAI for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people.
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These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses generated by the model in previous conversations. ChatGPT is based on GPT foundation models that have been fine-tuned for conversational assistance.
In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. ChatGPT has never been publicly available in China because OpenAI prevented Chinese users from accessing their site. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it "the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public". As before, OpenAI has not disclosed technical details such as the exact number of parameters or the composition of its training dataset. In September 2025, following the suicide of a 16-year-old, OpenAI said it planned to add restrictions for users under 18, including the blocking of graphic sexual content and the prevention of flirtatious talk.
In August 2024, OpenAI announced it had created a text watermarking method but did not release it for public use, saying that users would go to a competitor without watermarking if it publicly released its watermarking tool. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. One such workaround, popularized on Reddit in early 2023, involved prompting ChatGPT to assume the persona of DAN, an acronym for "Do Anything Now", and instructing the chatbot that DAN answers queries that would otherwise be rejected by the content policy.
Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe's General Data Protection Regulation. ChatGPT also provided an outline of how human reviewers are trained to reduce inappropriate content and to attempt to provide political information without affiliating with any political position. Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a large language model developed by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to further train and fine-tune its services. OpenAI's outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San Francisco, California.
Kelsey Piper of Vox wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws". In The Atlantic magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, Derek Thompson included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is". Samantha Lock of The Guardian noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text. GPT-5 was launched on August 7, 2025, and is publicly accessible through ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, and via OpenAI's API. Released in February 2025, GPT-4.5 was described by Altman as a "giant, expensive model".
Over 20,000 signatories including Yoshua Bengio, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed a March 2023 astronaut game app open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity". In August 2024, the FTC voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user reviews created by generative AI chatbots (including ChatGPT) and influencers paying for bots to increase follower counts. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in Italy and opened an investigation. A shadow market has emerged for Chinese users to get access to foreign software tools. Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 "passes a rigorous Turing test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative."
The fine-tuning process involved supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). The chatbot can facilitate academic dishonesty, generate misinformation, and create malicious code. The chatbot has also been criticized for its limitations and potential for unethical use. It has been lauded for its potential to transform numerous professional fields, and instigated public debate about the nature of creativity and the future of knowledge work.
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Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, email address, payment address, the last four digits (only) of a credit card number, and credit card expiration date". Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history. In March 2023, a bug allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. Despite this, users may jailbreak ChatGPT with prompt engineering techniques to bypass these restrictions. ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. The term "hallucination" as applied to LLMs is distinct from its meaning in psychology, and the phenomenon in chatbots is more similar to confabulation or bullshitting.
The model can also generate new images based on existing ones provided in the prompt. GPT-based moderation classifiers are used to reduce the risk of harmful outputs being presented to users. ChatGPT is frequently used for translation and summarization tasks, and can simulate interactive environments such as a Linux terminal, a multi-user chat room, or simple text-based games such as tic-tac-toe. ChatGPT is a chatbot and AI assistant built on large language model (LLM) technology. ChatGPT's training data includes software manual pages, information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems, multiple programming languages, and the text of Wikipedia. These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of proximal policy optimization.